Table 1 Statistical comparisons between observations and model predictions

Radiation only

Turbid medium Ed

Direct

− 0.18

7.01

2.71

0.008

0.64

2.14

(± 3.44)

0.99

(± 0.26)

Diffuse

− 0.04

6.55

0.78

0.437

0.59

3.00

(± 3.62)

0.81

(± 0.25)

Total

− 0.12

6.24

2.08

0.041

0.61

3.63

(± 3.14)

0.80

(± 0.23)

Turbid medium Bd

Direct

− 0.16

6.99

2.36

0.021

0.63

1.57

(± 3.69)

1.02

(± 0.28)

Diffuse

− 0.04

6.64

0.63

0.534

0.59

3.28

(± 3.53)

0.78

(± 0.24)

Total

− 0.10

6.15

1.82

0.073

0.61

3.40

(± 3.17)

0.81

(± 0.23)

Sequential Radiation→Growth

Turbid medium M

Direct

− 0.14

6.96

2.18

0.032

0.63

1.38

(± 3.75)

1.02

(± 0.28)

Diffuse

− 0.04

6.83

0.64

0.523

0.58

3.72

(± 3.49)

0.74

(± 0.23)

Total

− 0.09

6.23

1.70

0.093

0.61

3.55

(± 3.16)

0.79

(± 0.23)

ΔD²H

− 0.07

0.03

1.12

0.269

0.87

0.01

(± 0.02)

0.94

(± 0.18)

Porous envelop M

Direct

− 0.14

8.23

1.81

0.073

0.32

− 14.27

(± 19.5)

2.49

(± 1.61)

Diffuse

0.01

8.00

− 0.16

0.871

0.24

− 3.99

(± 16.81)

1.29

(± 1.14)

Total

− 0.07

7.40

1.05

0.296

0.26

− 5.13

(± 16.29)

1.50

(± 1.23)

ΔD²H

− 0.11

0.02

1.89

0.066

0.87

0.00

(± 0.02)

1.12

(± 0.22)

Joint Radiation× Growth

Turbid medium M

Direct

0.11

8.41

− 1.49

0.141

0.51

1.45

(± 4.80)

0.79

(± 0.29)

Diffuse

0.18

8.51

− 2.93

0.004

0.44

3.47

(± 4.97)

0.61

(± 0.28)

Total

0.14

7.92

− 2.23

0.029

0.45

3.91

(± 4.45)

0.60

(± 0.27)

ΔD²H

− 0.04

0.02

0.70

0.489

0.89

0.01

(± 0.01)

0.94

(± 0.16)