Skip to main content
Fig. 7 | Annals of Forest Science

Fig. 7

From: Position, size, and spatial patterns of bark stripping wounds inflicted by red deer (Cervus elavus L.) on Norway spruce using generalized additive models in Austria

Fig. 7

Predicted wound length (cm), width (cm), area (cm2) and relative wound width, the 95% confidence interval over diameter at breast height (DBH (cm)), and stem circumference (CF (cm)) for the trees of stand No. 1 for winter and summer bark stripping. Tree coordinates are fixed at the median values of the stand. 1/8: threshold for no damage; 1/3: threshold for severe damage defined by Cukor et al. (2019); 65%: threshold for increased mortality defined by Nagaike (2020)

Back to article page

Annals of Forest Science

ISSN: 1297-966X