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Fig. 3 | Annals of Forest Science

Fig. 3

From: Spruce (Picea abies L.) planting leads post-clearcut bird assemblages to a novel successional pathway—a comparative study in hemiboreal mixed forests

Fig. 3

NMS ordination graphs of bird communities in all 40 sites (a), and for the subset of 30 sites with tree cover (b). Each symbol refers to one 5-ha site. Two most informative axes (% variance explained indicated) of three-dimensional solutions are shown. Environmental gradients are depicted as arrows proportional in length to their co-variation with the axes (those with r2 > 0.1 shown). DDW, volume of downed dead wood

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Annals of Forest Science

ISSN: 1297-966X