Spruce (Picea abies L.) planting leads post-clearcut bird assemblages to a novel successional pathway—a comparative study in hemiboreal mixed forests

Table 1 General linear models of the effects of stand characteristics on total and resident bird density (no. of pairs ha⁻¹) and species richness at the 5-ha plot scale

Dependent variables	Coefficent ± SE	F₁	p	Coefficent ± SE	F₁	p
*Total density*
Snags ha⁻¹	0.002 ± 0.005	0.2	0.684	0.005 ± 0.005	1.2	0.278
DDW (m³ ha⁻¹)	0.020 ± 0.008	6.3	0.019	− 0.001 ± 0.009	< 0.1	0.887
Tree species ha⁻¹	0.270 ± 0.277	0.9	0.338	0.394 ± 0.240	2.7	0.114
Deciduous component (%)	0.019 ± 0.013	1.9	0.176	0.030 ± 0.012	5.9	0.023
Stand age (years)				0.048 ± 0.015	10.0	0.004
*Species richness*
Snags ha⁻¹	− 0.009 ± 0.008	1.17	0.27	− 0.005 ± 0.007	0.4	0.526
DDW (m³ ha⁻¹)	0.054 ± 0.017	22.0	< 0.001	0.026 ± 0.014	3.3	0.080
Tree species ha⁻¹	0.673 ± 0.393	2.9	0.097	0.832 ± 0.354	5.5	0.027
Deciduous component (%)	0.046 ± 0.020	5.5	0.027	0.060 ± 0.018	10.8	0.003
Stand age (years)				0.062 ± 0.022	7.5	0.011
*Resident bird density*
Snags ha⁻¹	− 0.002 ± 0.002	0.6	0.452	− 0.002 ± 0.002	1.0	0.317
DDW volume (m³ ha⁻¹)	0.013 ± 0.003	14.5	< 0.001	0.006 ± 0.004	2.8	0.105
Tree species ha⁻¹	0.053 ± 0.017	0.2	0.654	0.008 ± 0.101	< 0.1	0.939
Deciduous component (%)	< 0.001 ± 0.005	< 0.1	0.954	0.002 ± 0.005	0.2	0.695
Tree stock (m³ ha⁻¹)				0.004 ± 0.001	9.2	0.006
Stand age (years)				0.002 ± 0.007	0.1	0.803

ISSN: 1297-966X