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Table 2 Bird species associated with certain stand types (resident species in bold). “Observed IndVal” refers to the association strength with the preferred stand type, i.e., the maximum indicator value observed (Dufrêne and Legendre 1997)

From: Spruce (Picea abies L.) planting leads post-clearcut bird assemblages to a novel successional pathway—a comparative study in hemiboreal mixed forests

Preferred stand type and species

Observed IndVal

Permutation-based mean IndVal ± SD

p

Clearcut

Anthus trivialis (L.)

97.3

19.6 ± 8.61

< 0.001

Carpodacus erythrinus (Pall.)

80

16.9 ± 8.70

< 0.001

Lanius collurio L.

30.0

13.1 ± 7.34

0.058

Sylvia borin (Bodd.)

49.1

18.8 ± 8.67

0.011

Sylvia communis Lath.

80.0

16.4 ± 8.29

< 0.001

Late-successional deciduous forest

Buteo buteo (L.)

33.0

12.5 ± 7.12

0.026

Certhia familiaris (L.)

60.0

21.2 ± 7.58

0.001

Cyanistes caeruleus (L.)

35.7

22.3 ± 6.22

0.042

Dendrocopus major (L.)

59.3

21.1 ± 7.08

< 0.001

Dendrocopus minor (L.)

33.3

12.5 ± 7.11

0.026

Dryocopus martius (L.)

45.3

16.7 ± 7.59

0.006

Ficedula hypoleuca (Pall.)

55.4

20.8 ± 8.69

0.003

Ficedula parva (Bechst.)

41.5

20.2 ± 7.46

0.018

Muscicapa striata (Pall.)

31.2

15.7 ± 8.22

0.047

Parus major L.

54.3

24.8 ± 6.20

< 0.001

Phylloscopus trochiloides (Sund.)

30.3

14.1 ± 8.18

0.051

Poecile palustris (L.)

58.1

19.3 ± 8.00

0.002

Scolopax rusticola L.

43.1

14.5 ± 7.87

0.010

Sitta europaea L.

44.7

18.2 ± 7.93

0.011

Troglodytes troglodytes (L.)

41.1

24.4 ± 5.06

0.003

Late-successional deciduous forest

Carduelis spinus (L.)

38.5

25.2 ± 5.11

0.017

Lophophanes cristatus (L.)

56.2

20.2 ± 7.41

0.001

Turdus pilaris L.

41.7

15.6 ± 7.98

0.012