Fig. 8

Mean Ellenberg indicator values (L: light availability, and N: nutrient availability) in the plots of dolines covered with different forest age classes (class 1: 5–10-year-old forest stands with mature forest patches, class 2: 40–45-year-old forests, class 3: 60–65-year-old forests, and class 4: more than 90-year-old forests) (mean ± SE). Significant differences (p < 0.05, based on the LMMs with Bonferroni post hoc tests) are indicated by different lower case (a and b) letters