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Fig. 9 | Annals of Forest Science

Fig. 9

From: Forest age and topographic position jointly shape the species richness and composition of vascular plants in karstic habitats

Fig. 9

Mean Ellenberg indicator values (L: light availability, T: temperature, W: soil moisture, R: soil reaction, and N: nutrient availability) in the plots of topographic positions in dolines (S: south-facing slope, B: bottom, and N: north-facing slope) (mean ± SE). Significant differences (p < 0.05, based on the LMMs with Bonferroni post hoc tests) are indicated by different lower case (a–c) letters

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