Table 1 List of diagnostic species for the forest age classes (class 1: 5–10-year-old forest stands with mature forest patches, class 2: 40–45-year-old forests, class 3: 60–65-year-old forests, and class 4: more than 90-year-old forests) in dolines. Within blocks, species are listed by decreasing values of the phi (Φ) coefficient. Fidelity values (Φ × 100) of beech forest species, oak forest species, and species of disturbed forests are indicated with superscripts b, o, and d, respectively. Non-diagnostic species were excluded with Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05)

Urtica dioica^d

49.1

Rubus hirtus agg.^d

41.8

Calamagrostis epigejos^d

41.1

Hypericum hirsutum^o

34.1

Vinca minor^b

34.1

Mycelis muralis^o

30.1

Stenactis annua^d

30.1

Erechtites hieracifolia^d

25.5

Galium odoratum^b

25.2

Hepatica nobilis^b

24.9

Carex sylvatica^b

24.8

Fragaria vesca^o

24.2

Dactylis glomerata^d

23.9

Melica uniflora^o

23.9

Euphorbia amygdaloides^b

22.9

Salix caprea^d

22.1

Viola reichenbachiana^b

22.1

Veronica chamaedrys^o

20.6

Hordelymus europaeus^b

20.1

Scrophularia nodosa^o

20.1

Dryopteris filix-mas^b

19.4

Milium effusum^b

19.1

Athyrium flix-femina^b

18.7

Pulmonaria officinalis^b

18.7

Brachypodium sylvaticum^o

18.0

Taraxacum campylodes^d

18.0

Torilis japonica^d

18.0

Festuca drymeja^b

17.5

Stachys sylvatica^b

15.5

Veronica montana^b

30.5

Veronica hederifolia^d

27.3

Hedera helix^b

22.1

Paris quadrifolia^b

20.0

Cardamine bulbifera^b

16.0

Carex pilosa^b

16.6

Sambucus nigra^d

14.8

Mercurialis perennis^b

25.5

Lamium maculatum^b

23.5

Oxalis acetosella^b

18.5

Circaea lutetiana^b

17.8

Lamium galeobdolon s.l.^b

14.9

Dryopteris carthusiana^b

14.4