Table 3 List of diagnostic species for topographic positions (S: south-facing slope, B: bottom, and N: N-facing slope) in the forest age classes (class 1: 5–10-year-old forest stands with mature forest patches, class 2: 40–45-year-old forests, class 3: 60–65-year-old forests, and class 4: more than 90-year-old forests) in dolines. Within blocks, species are listed by decreasing values of the phi (Φ) coefficient. Fidelity values (Φ × 100) of beech forest species, oak forest species, and species of disturbed forests are indicated with superscripts b, o, and d, respectively. Non-diagnostic species were excluded with Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05)

Vinca minor^b

59.8

Calamagrostis epigejos^d

50.1

Hypericum hirsutum^o

49.3

Fragaria vesca^o

44.7

Euphorbia amygdaloides^b

43.5

Dactylis glomerata^d

42.0

Veronica chamaedrys^o

38.7

Milium effusum^b

35.2

Carex sylvatica^b

34.7

Festuca drymeja^b

34.1

Torilis japonica^d

31.6

Stenactis annua^d

29.8

Hordelymus europaeus^b

26.6

Scrophularia nodosa^o

26.6

Erechtites hieracifolia^d

24.6

Mycelis muralis^o

24.3

Deschampsia cespitosa^b

22.3

Rumex sanguineus^b

22.3

Brachypodium sylvaticum^o

21.9

Taraxacum campylodes^d

21.9

Viola alba^o

19.0

Stellaria holostea^o

16.2

Salix caprea^d

15.9

Helleborus odorus^b

14.7

Urtica dioica^d

49.6

Rubus hirtus agg.^d

32.3

Athyrium flix-femina^b

31.8

Stachys sylvatica^b

19.5

Galium odoratum^b

32.9

Viola reichenbachiana^b

27.9

Hepatica nobilis^b

26.7

Geranium robertianum^o

25.7

Mercurialis perennis^b

24.2

24.2

Atropa belladonna^b

20.9

Hedera helix^b

25.7

Cardamine bulbifera^b

21.8

Ruscus aculeatus^b

18.4

Moehringia trinervia^o

16.8

Veronica hederifolia^d

35.5

Paris quadrifolia^b

21.8

Veronica montana^b

28.9

Melica uniflora^o

34.2

Carex digitata^b

25.1

Lathyrus venetus^b

24.4

Dactylis polygama^o

22.3

22.3

Symphytum tuberosum^o

20.8

Sambucus nigra^d

23.7

Carex pilosa^b

39.2

Lamium maculatum^b

43.2

Circaea lutetiana^b

29.4

Dryopteris carthusiana^b

27.6

Pulmonaria officinalis^b

26.0

Chrysosplenium alternifolium^b

22.9

Dryopteris filix-mas^b

22.9

Lamium galeobdolon s.l.^b

22.1

Oxalis acetosella^b

16.8