Fig. 3

a Effect of elevation (Z) and browsing (B) on seedling last shoot length. Data were averaged by elevation class (± standard deviation), each point covering an elevation class of 250 m and being placed on the x-axis at the centre of this elevation class. Regression lines show the prediction with 95% confidence interval by the model. Height was set to its mean value across the dataset (i.e. 10 cm). Seedlings with extreme height values (i.e. below 10% quantile and above 90% quantile) were not included in elevation classes. b Estimate and 95% confidence interval of the parameters estimated by the model for each species. Parameters shown in red are significant at α = 0.05