Fig. 7From: Elevation affects both the occurrence of ungulate browsing and its effect on tree seedling growth for four major tree species in European mountain forestsEffect of elevation (Z), browsing (B) and seedling height (Ht) and of the interaction between elevation and browsing (Z:B) on seedling last shoot length when the Swedish site Gällivare is included. Data were averaged by elevation class (± standard deviation), each point covering an elevation class of 250 m and being placed on the x-axis at the centre of this elevation class. Regression lines show the prediction with 95% confidence interval by the model. Height was set to its mean value across the dataset (i.e. 10 cm). Seedlings with extreme height values (i.e. below 10% quantile and above 90% quantile) were not included. b Estimate and 95% confidence interval of the parameters estimated by the model for each species. Parameters shown in red are significant at α = 0.05Back to article page