Elevation affects both the occurrence of ungulate browsing and its effect on tree seedling growth for four major tree species in European mountain forests

Table 3 Statistics (estimates (est) and standard deviation (sd)) of the parameters and intercept (Int.)

	A. pseudoplatanus		F. sylvatica		P. abies		A. alba
	est (sd)	p ^a	est (sd)	p ^a	est (sd)	p ^a	est (sd)	p ^a
Int	0.92 (0.16)		1.56 (0.09)		1.26 (0.12)		1.22 (0.09)
Ht	0.13 (0.01)	< 0.001	0.35 (0.04)	< 0.001	0.32 (0.04)	< 0.001	0.03 (0.02)	0.232
Z	− 0.01 (0.02)	0.692	− 0.07 (0.04)	0.374	0.05 (0.07)	0.748	0.1 (0.07)	0.408
B	− 0.23 (0.03)	< 0.001	− 0.46 (0.07)	< 0.001	− 0.1 (0.08)	0.247	− 0.59 (0.06)	< 0.001
Z:B	0.06 (0.03)	0.044	0.11 (0.06)	0.066	− 0.24 (0.08)	0.002	− 0.3 (0.07)	< 0.001

^a p value of the models predicting the effect of elevation (Z), seedling height (Ht) and browsing (B) on seedling last shoot length for each species when the Swedish site Gällivare is not included. Results written in italics indicate significance at 5%

ISSN: 1297-966X