Fig. 5

Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) performed with morphological traits (a) and Principal component analysis (PCA) performed with climatic data (b), showing the first two principal components (Dim1 and Dim2). In FAMD (a), Dim1 and Dim2 account for 12.9% and 11.6% of the variance respectively. The FAMD was elaborated with the four quantitative traits: Leaf area (LA), leaf mass per area (LMA), length–width ratio (LW), index of lobation (ILB) and the qualitative traits regarding shape (Cir = circular, Ell = elliptic, Lan = lanceolate, Obl = oblong, Obo = obovate, Ova = Ovate), apex (Acm = acuminate, Acu = Acute, Rou = rounded, Str = straight), margin (Den = dentate, Cre = crenate, Ent = entire, Lob = lobated, Ser = Serrate, Spi = spinose, Und = undulate), pubescence (Gla = glabrous, Pu = pubescent, Dpu = densely pubescent) and leaf habit (DEC = deciduous, EVE = evergreen). In climatic PCA (b), Dim1 and Dim2 account for 55.4% and 26.6% of the variance respectively. The PCA was elaborated with the next variables: BIO3, BIO4, BIO6, BIO7, BIO12, BIO14, BIO15, BIO16, BIO18 and annual precipitation range (see Martín-Sánchez et al. 2024, Table S3 for meaning). Individual species are represented by dots and their colour represent the macroclimate which they have been classified: Arid (yellow), Mediterranean (red, with triangles deciduous Mediterranean species and dots for evergreen Mediterranean, see discussion for further details), Winter-dry Temperate to Tropical (cyan), Warm Temperate (light green) and Cold Temperate (dark blue)