Fig. 1

Study areas. a Location of the seed orchard near Schorndorf (48°46′ N, 9°25′ E, 420 m a.s.l.) and of floodplain forest (48°44′ N, 11°16′ E, 375 m a.sl.) in Germany. b Seed orchard including investigated ash trees, labeled by tree ID: yellow stars — mother trees, blue dots — ash trees identified as potential father trees by their clone number, gray dots — other investigated ash trees excluded as pollen donors. c Study area of floodplain forest including investigated ash trees, labeled by tree ID: yellow stars — mother trees, blue dots — ash trees identified as father trees, orange squares — logged ash trees identified as father trees. Source of the maps: ESRI Data & Maps